International Conference on
Advancements in Pediatric Neurology and Care

Pediatric neurology deals with the analysis and management of neurological conditions in newborns, infants, children and adolescents. The discipline of child neurology involves Cerebrovascular Disease, Demyelinating Disease, Developmental and Behavioral Problems, Genetic Disorders that affect people in these age groups. The advancements paved way for the pediatric neurologists to deal with conditions that vary considerably, from relatively simple disorders to more complex and infrequent conditions such as metabolic disease or Neurodegenerative Disorders.

A heterogeneous group of conditions involving changeless non-progressive central motor dysfunction that influence muscle tone, posture, and development are alluded on Concerning illustration Cerebral Palsy (CP). These states normally happen because of developing infantile or fetal brain resulting from a variety of causes. Various additional symptoms frequently go with primary motor abnormalities, including altered sensation or perception, intellectual disability, communication and behavioral difficulties, seizure disorders, and musculoskeletal complications. Despite the underlying etiology itself will be not progressive, those clinical statement might change over run through as the mind matures. There is no test that confirms or standards out cerebral paralysis. Long term medication incorporates physical and other therapies, medications and sometimes surgery.

Cerebrovascular disorders refer to a number of conditions in kids that are regularly linked to congenital malformations of the arteries or veins that circulate the blood supply all around the brain. Many of these conditions could build the risk for Hemorrhage (excessive bleeding) or stroke due to compromised blood flow. Cerebrovascular disorders are generally rare in children, but among them are: Aneurysms, Arteriovenous Malformations (AVMs), Moyamoya Disease, Vein of Galen malformations. Conventional Ultrasound, Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound, Computed Tomography, Transcranial Doppler Ultrasound are some of the imaging approach to Cerebrovascular Disease

A Condition in which damage occurs to the protective covering (myelin sheath) that surrounds nerve fibers in your brain and spinal cord is termed as Demyelinating disease. Nerve impulses slow or even stop, when the myelin sheath is damaged, causing neurological problems. Demyelinating disease may be monophasic or chronic in children. Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis and Clinically Isolated Syndromes, including Optic Neuritis and Transverse Myelitis are typical monophasic disorders in children. Improved technologies have led to enhanced recognition of these disorders. Significant advancements have been made over the past 10 years in the recognition, diagnosis, and management of Pediatric Demyelinating Disorders. Several awareness programs are conducted to inform about the clinical course, response to treatment, and disease pathogenesis.

A group of psychiatric conditions originating in childhood that involve serious impairment in different areas are Developmental disorders. They are otherwise called Mathew's disorder. Health professionals previously thought that brain disorders such as bipolar disorder, anxiety disorders, or even depression occurred after childhood but now, it is widely proven that these brain disorders can begin in early childhood. Attention-Deficit Disorder (ADD), Angelman Syndrome, Autism Spectrum Disorders, Bipolar Disorder, Central Auditory Processing Disorder (CAPD), Down Syndrome, Expressive Language Disorder, Fragile X Syndrome, Landau-Kleffner Syndrome, Learning Disabilities (LD), Mental Retardation are some of the developmental and behavioral problems. 

Encephalopathy is term generally used to denote brain disease, damage, or malfunction. An altered mental state is the major symptom of encephalopathy. There are numerous and varied causes for encephalopathy; they include infections, anoxia, metabolic problems, toxins, drugs, physiologic changes, trauma, and other causes. Encephalopathy is often considered a complication of a primary problem such as Alcoholic cirrhosis, kidney failure, or anoxia. Early treatments can eliminate, reduce, or halt the symptoms of encephalopathy. 

A genetic disorder is caused by an abnormality in an individual's DNA. Abnormalities can be as small as a single-base mutation in just one gene, or they can involve the addition or subtraction of entire chromosomes. Fabry disease: Neurologic Manifestations, Huntington Disease, Krabbe Disease, Metachromatic Leukodystrophy, Mitochondrial Myopathies are some of the genetic disorders. Recent findings state that the genetic disorders can be treated with gene therapy.  

Pediatric patients often seek medical care mainly because of head ache. Headache onset, duration, and severity, associated symptoms, Family history of migraines, Medication history, Factors that may have precipitated the headache (most often migraine) are the common symptoms in pediatric patients. Migraine is the major problem pediatric patients suffer with.  

Pediatric Allergy provides a deep knowledge on respiratory, allergic, and immunologic diseases in children.  It emphasizes the epidemiologic research on the most common chronic illnesses of children asthma and allergies as well as many less common and rare diseases. Swollen or enlarged adenoids and Tonsils are common in children. When the children’s immune system reacts to normal harmless substances present in the environment, children suffer environmental and food allergies. Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and Human Metapneumovirus, are common causes of pneumonia in young kids and babies. Some of the Allergic reactions in children include red eyes, Atopic Dermatitis (eczema), itchiness, runny nose, Urticaria (hives), an asthma attack and sinusitis.

A structural defect in the body due to abnormal embryonic or fetal development is termed as malformtions. Malformations are of different types such as cleft lip and cleft palate. Congenital malformation is a physical defect present in a baby at birth that can involve many different parts of the body including the brain, heart, lungs, liver, bones, and intestinal tract. 

Dysfunction in the target and velocity of an intended movement is defined as Movement Disorder. Movements disorders are divided into two major categories: Hyperkinetic Movement Disorders and Hypokinetic Movement Disorders. The type of movement disorder includes Tics, Stereotypies, Dystonia, Parkinsonism, Psychogenic Movement Disorder. Medication, Antiseizure medications (e.g., primidone [Mysoline], gabapentin [Neurontin]) Botulinum Toxin injection therapy (BOTOX therapy), and/or surgery are the treatments available for Movement Disorder

Neurocutaneous syndromes are disorders with cutaneous and neurologic anomalies. Some of these disorders are hereditary. The most common disorders found in children are skin lesions. Neuro Fibromatosis (NF), including type 1 (NF1), type 2 (NF2), and schwannomatosis; Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC); and Sturge-Weber syndrome are three neurocutaneous disorders that typically present in childhood. The symptoms may vary associated with each condition. The diagnosis is made with a physical examination and diagnostic tests. Diagnostic tests may include Blood tests, Genetic testing, X-ray, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Computed Tomography scan, Electroencephalogram (EEG), Eye examination, Tissue sample of the tumor or skin lesion. Specific treatment will be determined by child's doctor based on age, extend and type of condition, child's tolerance for specific medications, procedures, or therapies, Expectations for the course of the condition.

Neuromuscular disorders are common causes of weakness and hypotonia in the infantile period and in childhood. Most neuromuscular disorders are present at birth. There are hundreds of neuromuscular disorders, many with subtypes related to specific genetic causes including Muscular Dystrophy, Spinal Muscular Atrophy, Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease (CMT), Friedreich’s Ataxia (FA). Accurate diagnosis of specific neuromuscular disorders depends first on identification of which aspect of the peripheral neuromuscular system is affected--the motor neuron in the spinal cord, the nerve root or peripheral nerve, the neuromuscular junction, or the muscle--and then on the determination of the etiology and specific clinical entity. Some neuromuscular disorders can be diagnosed with a blood test alone. Others require a muscle or nerve biopsy. 

When nerve damage interferes with the functioning of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), Neuropathy occurs. Idiopathic Neuropathy is a condition in which the cause can’t be determined. Types of Neuropathy include Peripheral Neuropathy, Cranial Neuropathy, Autonomic Neuropathy, Focal Neuropathy. Nerve damaging disorders associated with Diabetes Mellitus in children are Diabetic Neuropathies. Hereditary Neuropathies is a condition in which a group of inherited disorders affects the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS). Medical treatment includes physical therapy and if needed, pain medication. Orthopedic surgery may be needed to correct severe foot or other skeletal deformities. Bracing may also be used to improve mobility.

The discipline of Neuro-Ophthalmology links the neurosciences with ophthalmology in order to study the ophthalmic manifestations of disorders of the central nervous system. Neuro-ophthalmologists undergo specialized training and expertise in problems of the eye, brain, nerves and muscles. Children with Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology suffer a wide range of common and complex conditions, including Optic nerve abnormalities, Pupil abnormalities, Migraine-associated visual changes, Nystagmus (shaking eyes), Eye Movement Disorders, Neurofibromatosis, Double vision, etc. Diagnostic testing, Outpatient care, Inpatient medical care, Surgery, including minimally invasive procedures are the full range of therapies available in market to treat these conditions.

Seizer is a condition in which the normal electrical brain function is temporarily affected when part(s) of the brain receives a burst of abnormal electrical signals. There are many types of seizures and some have mild symptoms. Seizures can be categorized two main groups. Focal seizures, also called partial seizures, happen in just one part of the brain. Generalized seizures are a result of abnormal activity on both sides of the brain. Epilepsy is considered as a chronic condition that is defined by seizures. Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (LGS) is a rare and severe form of epilepsy. Infantile spasm (IS) is an age-specific epileptic disorder of infancy and early childhood. Children with IS typically exhibit epileptic spasms along with the electroencephalographic pattern known as Hypsarrhythmia. Brivaracetam Carbamazepine, Eslicarbazepine, Ethosuximide, Felbamate, Phenobarbitol, Phenytoin, Topiramate are some of the Antiseizure drugs. 

Acquired Brain Injury (ABI) and Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) are the two complex conditions of neurotrauma. Acquired Brain Injury results in problems with attention, planning and interacting with others and Spinal Cord Injury leads to permanent paralysis. With the emerging technologies there has been many improvements and advancements in the acute care of neurotrauma. Pediatric Neurologists characterize minor head injury in youngsters as a physical indication of blunt trauma to the scalp, skull, or cerebrum in a newborn child or kid who is alert to voice or light touch. A type of Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) in which a buildup of blood occurs between the dura mater and the skull is otherwise called, Epidural Hematoma (EDH). It happens phenomenally among the large population of infants and children seen in emergency departments and physician offices for head trauma

Stem cells have the amazing capacity to differentiate into any body cell. They are not specialized. Stem cell therapies are used to repair the damaged cells and restore their functions. Regenerative Neurology is to regenerate and restore functions of the damaged nervous system. Several researches in the field of tissue engineering and molecular biology which deals with the process of replacing, engineering or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function, lead to the discovery of regenerative medicines.

Neuroinformatics is the exploration field which is focused on handling the neuroscience information through investigative apparatuses and computational models. Coordination and examination of progressively huge volume, high-dimensional and fine-grain trial information should be possible by the assistance of neuroinformatics. Information system incorporates multi-sort and multi-scale information including yet not constrained to Neuroscience Time Series, Atlas-Based, Brain Maps and Ontology information. Informatics System is only intended to perform such capacities. Applications and apparatuses are highlighted for getting, putting away, distributing, sharing, investigating, displaying and forecast, reenactment and perception as a piece of this framework supporting Neuroscience research. Neurocritical care is the claim to fame preparing in pediatric neurointensive tend to pediatric intensivists and pediatric neurologists Neurocritical care has a more extensive utilization of neuromonitoring and neuroprotective procedures in the pediatric emergency unit, both essential neurological and essential non-neurological infection states.

Neuroscience or Neural Science involves brain, spinal cord and nerves.  Cellular Neuroscience and Molecular neuroscience involves the study  of neurons at a cellular and molecular level. Clinical Neuroscience is a branch of neuroscience focussing on the diseases and disorders of the brain and central nervous system. Clinical neuroscience serves as a future of Psychiatry.  Computational Neuroscienceassists as a theoretical method for investigating the function and mechanism of the nervous system. It makes use of the essential features of the biological system at multiple spatial-temporal scales, from membrane currents, protein and chemical coupling to network oscillations and learning and memory